How Verbal Techniques makes Conversation Effective

Overview

A verbal communication between a physician and his patient should be effective to solve a particular case with minimum effort and defects. Which is possible only by the practical application of some the verbal techniques during a conversation, these verbal techniques are as follow:

• Questions

Asking questions is the best way to find out the origin of a particular case. Questions are of three types.

1. Closed questions ( elicit, No/Yes)
2. Open questions ( which encourages patient to talk )
3. Leading questions ( containing why? ) Avoid using, during conversation.

• Funneling

The objective of this principle is to make conversation pure and effective. Asking questions always leads conversations from general to specific. Funneling provides a specific way to the physician.

• Paraphrasing

Explaining the whole conversation between patient and physician in simple words to let him know about his current medical condition. Which contains the repetition of last few words of the patient and summarizing what he has communicated so far and asked for validation. 

• Selective reflection

The purpose of this principle is to ensure a patient that his feelings have been well understood. To bring out the feelings attached to various symptoms and problems that a patient has stated.

• Empathy Building

Use of statements to build a sympathetic relationship with a patient, which encourages him to talk friendly with a physician. It also increases the trust of the patient on a physician.

• Checking for Understanding

Summarize patients statements time to time and ask the patient to comment to ensure if he or she has understood the problem and its associated feelings correctly.

Qualities of Good Physician

• A good physician always gives priority to the beneficence of his patient and justice.
• He should be honest, cooperative and polite.
• Capable of understanding the psychology of his patients.
• Not should be preoccupied and anxious. 

How To Manufacture Synthetic Petrol

Fortunately, almost every country has built up its natural petroleum sources during few decades. However, the supply of motor fuel petrol or gasoline from all sources put together falls far short of the actual needs of a developing country. Therefore, the production of petrol by the synthetic method is engaging the attention of our organic chemists. The 'synthetic petrol' has been produced in Germany from coal, lignite, and other carbonaceous material. The chief methods used for preparing petrol from coal are:

• Fischer - Tropsch Process ( Reduction of Carbon monoxide )

This method was developed in 1923 by two German chemists, Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. Carbon monoxide needed in this process is made by passing steam over red-hot 'coke'. The water gas thus obtained is mixed with hydrogen and passed at a pressure of 5-10 atmospheres into a chamber containing a 'cobalt catalyst ' at 200-degree celsius. The product is a mixture consisting mainly of liquid hydrocarbons.

           nCO    +     ( 2n+1 ) H2              reaction                   Alkane    +    nH2O

                Reactants                                                                       Products 

The ' artificial petroleum ' so obtained is separated by fractional distillation, similar to the one used in Bergius process. The various fractions separated are petrol, kerosene oil, lubricating oil, diesel oil and paraffin wax.

• Bergius Process

In this method, finely powdered coal and a suitable catalyst is made into a paste with Heavy Oil produced in the process. The coal paste is then preheated and pumped to the converter. Here, the paste is heated to 450 degree Celsius and hydrogen bubbled through it at 250 atm pressure. The coal, which is really a mixture of high molecular complex organic compounds deficient in hydrogen, and elementary carbon, combines with hydrogen to form higher saturated compounds. These as a resulted of cracking and simultaneously hydrogenation yield a mixture of alkanes. Thus the vapours leaving the converter upon condensation yield ' Synthetic Petroleum ' or Crude Oil.This crude oil upon fractional distillation produces:

(1) Petrol; (2) Middle Oil; and (3) Heavy Oil. The Middle oil fraction is again hydrogenated in the vapour phase in contact with a solid catalyst to give more petrol. Actually, the second process yields four times the petrol obtained by the primary hydrogenation of coal.

The heavy oil obtained in the process is recirculated for making fresh coal paste. One ton of soft coal treated as above yields 140 gallons of petrol. The Bergius Process is at present the most promising of all methods so far invented for the production of synthetic motor fuel.       

  

How To Punctuate and Spell IUPAC Names

IUPAC name determines identity of a compound, by showing its chemical and physical properties. Some of the students made mistake in spelling and punctuation of IUPAC names, which effects on their overall performance in semester and also on memorizing and recognizing organic compounds.  Following are some of the main rules to spell and punctuate IUPAC names.

Spelling and Punctuation of IUPAC Names

• IUPAC names are almost always written as single words, with notable exception of organic salts and compounds named as acids and acid derivative

                         Ethanol                                                           Ethanoic acid

                         2-Pentanone                                                   Ethanoyl chloride

• Commas are used between two adjacent numbers or letter symbols, and hyphens are used to separate numbers and letter symbols in names.

                       3,4-Dimethyl-3-heptene                                 N,N-Dimethylethanamide

• Structural prefixes such as cis-, trans-, meso-, sec-, tert-, are italicised and joined to the name by a hyphen. These prefixes are ignored in alphabetising compound names or in capitalising names at the beginning of a sentence.

                         trans-1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexane was isolated from......

                         cis-2-Butene is less suitable than.......

When these words are not part of a chemical name, they are not italicised.

                         a cis isomer

                         a meso compound

• Structural prefixes such as di, tri, and tetra- are treated as part of the basic name and therefore are neither italicised nor separated by a hyphen. These prefixes are not taken into account in alphabetising compound names,

                       4-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane                                             3-Ethyl-4,7-dimethylnonane

• Structural prefixes such as cyclo-, iso-, and neo- are treated as part of the basic name and therefore are neither italicised nor separated by a hyphen. These prefixes are ignored when alphabetising compound names.

                       Isopropylamine                                                            Cyclohexane

                       Ethylisopropylamine                                                    Cyclohexylamine 

  

Common Mistakes in Using IUPAC Rules for Naming Polyfunctional Compounds

In chemistry, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds. IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. In general, IUPAC name consists of three parts base, suffix, and substituent.
Most of the students get confused in naming polyfunctional compounds and made mistakes. Following are some of the most common mistakes made by students in using IUPAC rules for naming polyfunctional compounds.

• Not Recognizing the Longest Chain

The longest chain does not have to be that portion of the molecule written horizontally. This is a mistake made by many beginning students.

• Numbering from the Wrong End

When in doubt how to number the chain, do it both ways to pick the name with the lowest substituent group number.

• Failure to Write Prefix

When the same substituents are attached to the same carbon, most of the students fail to write the same number twice.

• Failure to Arrange the Substituent Names in Alphabetic Order

Remember that the structural prefixes such as di-, tri-. tetra-, and neo- are not taken into account when alphabetizing.

• Failure to Write IUPAC NAMES as Single Words

Remember that most of the IUPAC names are written as single words. Exceptions are organic salts and compounds named as acids and acid derivatives.

Many students have a tendency to write names which are derived partially from the IUPAC system and partially from the common /trivial system. For example, 2-propanol is a correct IUPAC name for isopropyl alcohol, the name isopropanol is an objectionable combination of the IUPAC and common names.

Some students made mistakes forgetting to put cyclo - into the names of ring compounds.

• Wrong Selection of the Principal Functional Group in Naming Polyfunctional compounds

This is a mistake made by many students. Always follow the priority order.     

   

How Heart Break can Hurt Your Actual Heart

A growing body of research is showing that the death or loss of a person close to you cannot only feel like heartbreak -  it can actually cause physical changes that can lead to serious heart problems.

Researchers have long studied a phenomenon called 'stress cardiomyopathy' ( or broken heart syndrome ), which is when a highly stressful event, such as the death of a spouse, causes a person to feel like they're having a heart attack. This can include shortness of breath and chest pain, but without the telltale blocked arteries. Experts suspect a surge of stress hormones that are trigged by an emotional event could be responsible. Sometimes, the condition is not spurred by grief, but other stressful situations, like the excitement that can accompany a big sports win.

We can not stop stressful situations from coming up in our lives but there may be ways to change the way stress affects our bodies. Several things can increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, which may include.

• Yoga

You can practice any of the different forms of yoga for stress relief. Try Hatha yoga, which combines stretching, breathing techniques and meditation. It soothes your distress mind, refreshes your thoughts, tones body muscles and generates new awareness like never before.

• Meditation

A few minutes of practice per day can ease anxiety. Research suggest that daily meditation may alter the brain's neural pathways, making you more resilient to stress. It is simple. Sit up straight with both feet on the floor. Close your eyes. Focus your attention on reciting -- out loud or silently.

• Be Present

Take some time and focus on only one behavior with awareness, "Inam says. Notice how the air feels on your face when you are walking and how your feet feel hitting the ground. Enjoy the texture and taste of each bite of food.
Enjoy the peace of mind and tranquility in your daily life, without stress, worries, anxieties, and never ending thinking. When you spend the time in the moment and focus on your senses, you should feel less tense.

• Exercise

Exerting yourself physically releases endorphins that make you happy. That means that if you are stressed, you can cheer yourself up and throw your anxiety out the window just by making your heart work a bit harder. Head for a bike ride or swim, pick up some weights or play your favorite sport to gain both physical and mental health.

  

How To Find Limiting Reagent

Overview

When we mix reactants in mole ratios according to the coefficients in a balanced equation, we say that reactants are in stoichiometric proportions. All initial reactants are totally consumed when the reaction goes to the completion. However, we carry out most reactions with a limited amount of one reactant and excess quantities of others. We do this to minimize the extent to which reverse reactions can occur and thus maximize the yield of products.

Introduction

The following scenario illustrates the significance of limiting reagent. The situation is much like the task, that packaging a snack meal for airline passengers. Each package consists of a sandwich, two cookies, and an orange; that is, the "stoichiometric" proportions are 1:2:1. If we have 100 sandwiches, 200 cookies, and 100 oranges, we can prepare 100 snack meals and have nothing left over. But from 98 sandwiches, 202 cookies, and 102 oranges we can assemble only 98 packages. The sandwiches are the "limiting reagents", and the cookies and the oranges are reactants in excess. From 105 sandwiches, 202 cookies, and 107 oranges we can assemble 101 packaged meals. Here the cookies are the "limiting reagent". In effect, what we do is determine how much of the product can be made from each "reactant" assuming we have enough of the others. We then pick the smallest answer.

Definition

The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and thus determines when the reaction stops. From the reaction stoichiometry, we can calculate the exact amount of reactant needed to react with another element, If the reactants are not mixed in the correct stoichiometric proportions. then one the reactant will be entirely consumed while other will be left over. So the limiting reagent is the one which that totally consumed, and limits the reaction from continuing because there is none left to react with the in-excess reactant.

Rules to finding limiting reagent.

There are two ways to determine limiting reagent, which is listed below.

Method1: Find the limiting reagent by looking at the number of moles of each element.

1. Determine the balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction.
2. Convert all given information into moles ( through the use of molar mass as a conversion factor).
3. Calculate the mole ratio from the given information. Compare the calculated ratio to the actual ratio.
4. Use the amount of limiting reactant to calculate to calculate the amount of product produced.
5. If necessary, calculate how much is left in excess of the non-limiting reagent.

Method2: Find the limiting reagent by calculating and comparing the amount of product each reactant will be produced.

1. Balanced the chemical equation for the chemical reaction.
2. Convert the given information into moles.
3. Use stoichiometry for each individual reactant to find the mass of product produced.
4. The reactant that produces lesser amount of product is the limiting reagent.
5. The reactant that produces a large amount of product is the excess reagent.
6. To find the amount of remaining excess reactant, subtract the mass of reagent consumed from the total mass of excess reagent, given.

  

    

How To Make a French Toast

History and Naming

There is nothing better than French toast for Sunday breakfast. Thick slices of bread, soaked in the mixture of beaten eggs with cinnamon and milk, toasted either in frying pan and microwave oven, and served with maple syrup and milk, this must be one of our favorite, and most indulgent, breakfast dishes.
French toast is also known as eggy bread, gypsy toast, German toast, poor knights or Spanish toast. The history of French toast lies in the Apicius, a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th and 5th century; the recipe mentions soaking in milk, but not an egg, and gives it no special name, they call it just sweet dish.

Preparation and Serving

A delicious French toast can be prepared by using two methods, both has their own ingredients, cooking timing and number.

• Using Stove Top Method

Ingredients required to make fried French toast include 1 egg for every two slices of bread, non-sticky spray ( olive oil or butter ), cinnamon, 3ml vanilla essence or almond essence, bread, toppings, or milk ( depending on a number of milk ).

• Using Microwave Method

Ingredients required to make microwaved French toast include 1 egg for every two slices of bread, 1 tablespoon milk, 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract, cinnamon, bread, desired toppings.

As I told you earlier both of these methods can help us to make delicious French toast, but here, we are going to discuss only stove top method. Follow these steps, and you'll soon be enjoying a delicious taste of French toast.

Stove Top Method

1. Set the stove to medium high heat and place pan over the burner. After placing pan add either some butter or olive oil to the pan, so that bread will not get stick to the pan.
2. In a medium bowl, whisk together the eggs, milk, and cinnamon. Whisk the mixture until well blended and pour into a shallow bowl, wide enough to place a slice of the bread you will be using. 
3. Turn the heat down to medium-low, once the pan is heated sufficiently.
4. Now place each slice of bread into milk-egg mixture, allowing the bread to soak in some of it.
5. Cook the toast until golden on both sides. It takes approximately 45 seconds per side.
6. Serve hot with butter, maple syrup, and if available, berries.

Things to Remember

French toast comes out best if you work with thick slices of Italian and French loaf bread that are several days old. That way they have had a chance to firm up, which will make the slices hold up better when you dip them in milk-egg mixture and fry them. Thin slices of bread tend to fall apart or get mushy when you do this.  

      

How To Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis

Overview

Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, it typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints, that can eventually result in bone erosion and deformity. Pain and stiffness often worsen the following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved. In some people, the condition can also damage a wide variety of body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
An autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system mistakenly attack's your own body's tissues. While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Rheumatoid arthritis affects between 0.5 and 1 % adults in the developed world, women's are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men. The first recognized a description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais ( 1772-1840 ). The term rheumatoid arthritis is based on the Greek for the watery and inflamed joints.

Symptoms and Causes

Symptoms

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include:

• Fatigue: You may feel unusually fatigued well before any other symptoms become obvious. Fatigued can precede the onset of other symptoms by weeks or months. It may come and go for a week to week and day to day. Fatigued is sometimes accompanied by a general feeling of ill health or even depression.
• Joint stiffness: Stiffness in one or more of the joints is a common early sign of RA. This can occur at any time of the day, whether you are active or not. Typically, stiffness begins in the joints of the hands. It usually comes on slowly, although it can come on suddenly and affect multiple joints over the course of one or two days.

As the disease progresses, symptoms often spread to the wrist, knees, ankles, elbows, hips, and shoulders. In most cases, symptoms occur in the same joint on both sides of your body. Most of the people who have RA also experience signs and symptoms that don't involve the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect many non-joint structures, including.

• Lungs
• Eyes
• Kidneys
• Heart
• Salivary glands
• Blood vessels
• Bone marrow
• Nerve tissues
• Skin

Causes

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder, it occurs when your immune system attacks the synovium - the lining of membranes that surround your joints.

The resulting inflammation thickens the synovium, which can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone within the joint. The tendons and ligaments that hold the join together weaken and stretch. Gradually, the joint loses its shape and alignment. 

 Risk factors

The etiology, or cause, of rheumatoid arthritis, is still unknown. Many cases are believed to result from an interaction between genetic factors and environmental exposures. Factors that may increase your risk of rheumatoid arthritis include:

• Age and sex: The incidence of RA is two to three times higher in women than men. The onset of RA, in both men and women, is highest among those in their sixties.
• Genetics: Rheumatoid arthritis can occur at any age but if a member of your family has rheumatoid arthritis, you may have an increased risk of the disease.
• Modifiable: Several modifiable risk factors for RA have been studied including reproductive hormonal exposures, dietary factors, tobacco use, and microbial exposures.

Management

There is no cure for RA, but treatment can improve symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Disease modifying treatment has the best results when it is started early and aggressively. The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve person's overall functioning. The optimal treatment of RA requires a comprehensive program that combines medical, social, and emotional support for a patient. It is essential that the patient and patient's family be educated about the nature and course of the disease. Treatment options may include:

• Medications: Normal health can be achieved by using two classes of medications, analgesics such as NSAIDs, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ).
• Lifestyle: Gentle exercise can help strengthen the muscles around your joints, and it can help fight fatigue you might feel. Occupational therapy has a positive role to play in improving functional ability of persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
• Relax: Find ways to cope with pain by reducing pain in your life. Techniques such as guided imagery, distraction, and muscle relaxation can all be used to control pain.
• Intramuscular Gold: Gold is very effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis when it is given intramuscularly. Effects are achieved within 4 to 6 months or after administration of 1g of gold. Golds compounds are rarely used know due to their numerous side effects and monitoring requirements.
• Surgery: In early phases of the disease, an arthroscopic or open synovectomy may be performed. It consists of the removal of the inflamed synovia, while in chronic conditions joint replacement may require. 

      

How To Preserve Flowers

Flowers make us feel good. They help us celebrate special event sand communicate emotions by saying thank you, get well, I'm sorry and I love you. Then there is the special joy of receiving flowers. Whether it's red rose from the local florist or a fistful of dandelions from your daughter. Flowers, especially the intention behind them, so much.
Unfortunately, though, flowers wilt. Do you ever delight to receive beautiful flowers only to feel a little depressed as you watch them fade? Preserving flowers allows you to have beautiful, full bouquets well into the winter months. Drying flowers is an easy project that will let you keep your house colorful, without the hassle of changing water and throwing out dead flowers. While you can not bring cut flowers back into your life, here are some tips for keeping them looking fresh longer.

Hanging:

The easiest way to preserve flowers is to hang them. Bunch the flowers up around the base of the stems. Hang them upside down in the dark, warm and cool room for one to three weeks If you're drying several bouquets of flowers, place a fan in the room to circulate the air properly.

Glycerin:

A fantastic way to preserve flowers is to use glycerin. The flowers absorb the glycerin, replacing its water content with it. This keeps your flowers supple and bright. Simply place the stems of fresh flower in the mixture of two parts in the lukewarm water to one part glycerin. Let the flowers to sit in the mixture for two to three weeks. If you notice that the flowers begin to wilt after you take them out of the mixture, hang the flower upside down, so that the mixture reaches wilted parts.

Natural alternatives:

Add one part lemon-lime soda to three parts water. Then to each part of this solution, add 1/4 teaspoon bleach. Thereafter add 1/4 teaspoon bleach after each 4 days of use.
To 1-quart water add 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice, 1 tablespoon sugar, and 1/2 teaspoon bleach.

Drying your flowers:

Using silica gel for drying flowers is a slightly more damaging process when it comes to preserving flowers. However, silica gel can help you better maintain a bouquet's size and color. Silica is a sand like substance you can purchase at a local craft store. It simply removes water from flower because it has water absorbing property.

Pressing flowers:

Pressing flowers using books is the easiest way to preserve flowers. To start, take your flower or flowers between two pieces of paper. Then, close the paper and flowers between the pages of books. When pressing multiple flowers, make sure to space them out so they are not touching. Choose a book enough to close completely over the flowers. 

Store your flowers properly after preserving them:

After you preserve your flowers, consider how you want to store them. A frame or shadow box can help keep pressed or dried flowers from being damaged. It can also help prevent decay and is a good option if you want to display your flowers. 

      

How To Tie a Tie - Easy Steps

The tie is an accessory that can dress up a smart-causal outfit some more. It will take you up a notch in the fashion department whether you wear it with a full suit or just a shirt.
Some jobs will require you to wear a tie, and this is probably what puts people off the idea of wearing one in causal environments, but it has an even greater effect when worn casually, because so few of us do this. There are many styles of causal ties that are great for wearing on a night out or on a first date.
But first you have to know how to tie a one.
At sometime we all will be required to wear a tie, whether it is for a wedding, a job or for a night out. Following are easy steps to tie a different tie knots quickly and perfectly.

Tie a Full Windsor Knot

This is the easiest and most traditional way to tie a tie. This works quit well with thick fabric ties. It forms a symmetrical triangle that boosts the confidence of wearer. It is mostly worn in formal and semi-formal events by politicians and other officials.

A step by step guide:
Lay the tie on your neck with both ends hanging at the front with the wider end on your right.
Adjust the tie such that the wider side is longer by a foot compared to the other end.
Pull the wider end over the narrow end and bring it back under the narrow end. Pull it through to form a lose not.
Lower the wide end below the narrow end and bring it over the knot you created in the previous step.
Pull the wide end back through the knot.
Take the wide knot across again and pull it behind the knot.
In between the layers of the knot, track the wide end and adjust the knot to give it proper fit.

Tie a Kent Knot

This is a modified four-in-hand knot. It is perfect for thick ties worn with shirts with narrow collar spreads. It is a good idea for tall and big men wearing regular length ties.

How to tie it step by step:
Lay the tie on your neck with both ends hanging at the front with the wider end on your right.
Adjust the tie so that the wider side is longer by a foot compared to the other end.
Cross the wide end behind the other end.
Taking the wide end behind the other end.
Place the wide end between the tie and your neck and pull it downwards.
Adjust the knot to give it proper fit.

The Four-in-Hand Knot

The four in hand knot is the easiest to learn. It is a small, slightly asymmetrical knot that is best suited for narrow collars. This is the knot that is most appropriate for causal situations, since it does not look like you spent too much time in front of the mirror meticulously trying it. It looks like you just quickly put on a tie before you went out the door, almost as an afterthought. Also if you're ever in a hurry this is the knot to know.

How to tie a tie step by step:
Begin by crossing the wide end over the narrow end.
Fold the wide end underneath the narrow end.
Pass the wide end horizontally over the narrow end again.
Take the wide end up and through the loop around your neck.
Take the wide end through the knot in front. Proceed to tighten the knot and pull it up to your collar.

Pratt Knot

This is the one that's suitable for any occasion ; formal, causal or business causal. The pratt knot is neither as wide as the Windsor or as narrow as the Four-in-Hand and thus pairs well with most dress shirts. It's a symmetrical knot, but it's a lot looser to wear than the Windsor. This multipurpose knot is great to wear to work, afterward you can loosen it up for a more causal look when you go out to get a drink with your colleagues. Read the instructions well, as this one starts out a bit different than previous ones.

How to tie a tie step by step:
Begin by crossing the wide end under the narrow end, while the tie hangs inside out around your neck.
Pull the wide end up over the narrow end.
Take the wide end down through the loop and tighten the knot.
Move the wide end horizontally over the narrow end.
Pull the wide end back up through the loop.
Pull the wide end through the knot in front. Proceed to tighten the knot and pull it up to the collar.

The Bow Knot

Bow ties are actually not that hard to tie, and self-tied look a hell of a lot better than pre-tide. Especially if you are wearing it with a tux. Put it this way, James Bond wouldn't go near a pre-tied bow tie, and who in this world looks better in a tux?

How to tie a tie step by step:
Start with the bow tie lying face up and with the left side ( A ) shorter than the right ( B ).
Move A to the right side of B, and then under B and through the neck loop.
At the joint, fold B towards the right and then towards the left to create a box shape.
Now bring A straight down over the bow shape you made with B.
Fold A backward towards the chest and pinch the fold, the push the pinched end of A through the loop behind B.
Pull on the folded parts of the bow tie to tighten, and then adjust accordingly.         

How To Give Cat a Bath

If your cat is infested with fleas, you'll probably want to give her bath. Otherwise, wash your cat as you deem necessary ' since cats wash, they do not often need bathing. Adopt a clam, positive attitude before and during the bath, it will help ease your cat anxiety. Consider trimming your cat's claws beforehand to reduce your risk of getting scratched. A clean cat is a happy cat, and we are here to help! From nail trims to bathing, a little maintenance goes a long way. Read on to find out how to keep your kitty's eyes, ears, teeth, skin, and fur healthy and clean. Please note: There are some cats who do not tolerate being groomed. If your cat fights the grooming process, and there is some potential that injury could occur to your cat and yourself, please make an appointment with a professional groomer or a veterinarian to have your cat groomed.

Bathing Your Cat

With her built-in grooming tools, your fastidious feline is well-equipped to tackle her own hair care needs. But if she is very dirty or gets into something very sticky or smelly, you may need to give her a bath. Follow these steps to ensure minimal stress and maximum efficiency.

Preparing Your Cat For Bath

The best solution is to make sure that you have all the necessary supplies handy so you can make your cat bath very quick:
Rubber gloves
Cat shampoo
A large pitcher for rinsing or a gentle spray nozzle
A large towel
Cotton balls to clean the ears
A small cloth to clean the face
It's much easier to wash your cat in a kitchen or bathroom sink than bending over the tub. Following is the step-by-step procedure for the quick and painless bath.
Schedule baths when your cat is at her most mellow: A play session with a cat dancer or other toy of choice can help tire out even the friskiest of felines
For your own protection, we recommended trimming Fluffy's claws before bathing.
Give your cat good brushing to remove any loose hair and mats.
Gently place some cotton in her ears to keep the water out.
Place a rubber bath mat in the sink or tub where you will be bathing your kitty so she doesn't slip. Fill with three to four inches of lukewarm water.
Use a hand-held spray hose to thoroughly wet your pet, taking care not to spray directly into ears, eyes or nose. If you don't have a spray hose, a plastic pitcher or unbreakable cup works best.
Gently massage your pet with a solution of one part cat shampoo to five parts water, working from head to tail, in the direction of hair growth. Take care to avoid the face, ears and eyes.
Thoroughly rinse the shampoo off your cat with a pitcher or spray hose; again, be sure the water is lukewarm.
Use a washcloth to carefully wipe your pet's face. Plain water is fine unless her face is very dirty - in which case, we recommended using an extra diluted solution of shampoo.
Wrap your pet in a large towel and dry her with it in a warm place, away from drafts. If your ketty doesn't mind the noise you can use a blow dryer- on the lowest heat setting.
Reward your pet with endless praise and her favorite treat-for a successful session.

   

    

How To Give Effective Business Presentation

When delivering presentations to a general audience, senior management in your company, and even venture capitalist, a successful presentation is not about the power point slides you create it's about much more than that.
Most business presentations range from most boring too, well...just plain boring, I am sure you have a few offenders within your own team.
It does not have to be this way, though.
Here are some ways to make certain that your presentations hold your audience's interest and help them make the decision you want to make them.

Preparation

• Build a story

Presentations are boring when they present scads of information without context or meaning. Instead, tell a story, with the audience as the main character (specifically heroes). 

• Keep it relevant

Audiences only play attentions to stories and ideas that are immediately relevant. Consider what decision you want them to make, then build an appropriate case.

• Cut your introduction

A verbose introduction that that describes you, your firm, your topic, how you got here, only bores people. Keep your introduction down to a sentence or two, even for a long presentation.

• Begin with an eye-opener

Kick off your talk by revealing a shocking fact, a surprising insight, or a unique perspective that naturally leads to your message and the decision you want to be made.

• Keep it short and sweet

When was the last time you heard someone complain that a presentation was too short? Make it half as long as you originally thought it should be.

• Use facts not generalities

Fuzzy concepts reflect fuzzy thinking, Buttress your argument, story and message with facts that are quantifiable, verifiable, memorable and dramatic.

• Customize for every audience

One size fits all presentations are like one size fits all clothes; they never fit right and usually make you feel bad. Every audience is different; your presentation should be too.

• Don't get too fancy

You want your audience to remember your message, not how many special effects and visual gimcracks you used. In most almost cases, simpler is better.

Presentation

•   Check your equipment in advance

If you must use powerpoint or plan on showing videos or something, check to make sure that the setup really works. then check it again. Then one more time.

• Speak to the audience

Great public speakers keep their focus on the audience, not on their slides and notes. Focusing on audience encourages them to focus on you and your message.

• Never read from slide

Guess what? Your audience can read. If you are reading from your slides you're not just being boring you're also the insulting intelligence of everyone in the room.

• Leave humor to the professionals

Unless you are really good at telling jokes, don't try to be a comedian. Remember: when it comes to business presentation, polite laughter is the kiss of death.

• Avoid obvious wormholes

Every audience has hot buttons that command immediate attention and cause every other discussion to grind to a halt. Learn what they are and avoid them.

• Practice and rehearse

Creating your presentation at the last minute is not a good idea because it does not allow you to rehearse and practice. Practice is when you sit with your presentation and mentally review that you are going to say and how you want the flow to the work. Practice is not enough although many presenters's think it is sufficient. You must always rehearse presentation by standing and delivering it as if it was for real. This is the only way to check your words, your visuals and whether the message is as clear as you want to it to be. It is also the way to check your timing to make sure you do not run over the allotted time.

• End your presentation with Next steps

In my opinion, the single worst way to end your presentation is with a slide that has the word Questions?? in bold text on it. This type of ending invites your audience to question everything you have just said and does not move them the last step towards the goal you had set for your presentation, so always end your presentation talking about the next step that you want the audience to take to use the information you provided. Invite discussion of the next steps if there is time, but end with a strong call to action so the audience is clear what they are to do next. Without a call to action, the audience is likely to do nothing further, and your presentation goal will not have been achieved. 

    

How To Hack Facebook Account.

Warning                                                                            

This content is not about to harm someone but this makes us alert and conscious of such kinds of things, be alert and always check privacy customs during singing up on facebook, never add any unknown person and do not let him/her do this with you.

The easiest way to hack someone's Facebook ID is through resetting the password. This could be easily done by people who are friends with the person they are trying to hack.

• The first step would be to get your friends to facebook Email login. If you don't already know it, try looking on their Facebook page.

• Next, click on forgot your password? and type in's the victim's email. Their account should come up then click this is my account.

• It will ask if you would like to reset the password via the victim's email.

• It will now ask how can we reach you? Type in an email that you have stolen from the victim's Facebook page.

• It will now ask you a question. If you are close friends with the victim that is great. If you do not know too much about him/her then make an educated guess. If you figure it out, you can change the password. Now you have to wait 24 hours to login to their account.

• If you do not figure out the question, you can click recover account with help from friends. This allows you to choose between three to five friends.

How to protect yourself

Things to remember while making your Facebook ID include:

1. Do not put your email address on your profile.
2. Never add any unknown person.

How to escape from the dangers of earthquake

Earthquake is a natural disaster, every year millions of people die because of this. There is no equipment that detects it, therefore we need to be alert and should know major ways to escape from its disaster. So let's discuss these vital steps.

• Look around your house for things that could fall or move.
• Know the danger spots.
• Stay clear of windows, fireplaces, or appliances if a quake hits.
• Stay away from anything that could conceivably fall on you.
• Secure a water heater by strapping it to wall studs and bolting it to the floor.
• Before and after a quake, repair any deep cracks in ceilings, chimney, or foundations.
• Repair defective wiring and leaky gas connections. 
• Keep batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide fresh.
• Secure all chemicals, fuel, and bleaches.
• Keep food and water supplies on hand.
• Create a family disaster plan. 
• Post emergency telephone numbers by every phone.
• Learn first aid and CPR. 
• Teach all family members how and when to turn off gas, electricity, and water.
• Learn how to help kids cope with disaster.
• Practice earthquake drills

Earthquake Survival Tools
In the case of an earthquake you need some tools for survival purpose which include: 

• Fire extinguishers

It is an active fire protection device filled with carbon dioxide which extinguishes or control small fires by blocking oxygen supply for combustion, it is used often during emergency situations. 

• Crescent and wrenches 

These tools are used to tighten leaked gas and water pipes which can be a cause of blasts and other damages. 

• Utility knife

A utility knife can be used to cut the rope to open a closed door and also for cooking purposes in emergency situations like an earthquake. 

• BIC lighters and wooden matches

Carry these tools in a waterproof container or a bag. BIC lighters can be useful at nights for searching purposes, either for a safe place to stay or looking for a useful tool in a dark room. On the other hand, wooden matches are useful for cooking purposes. 

• Portable radio with extra batteries

A portable radio lets you know about current situations around you like a weather forecast, the direction of cyclons and initiatives taken by the government for survival purposes.  

• Extra food 

Take extra food with yourself especially water. Before deciding the site for a camp always check for the drinking water easily accessible for you. If you are carrying pet don't forget its food. 

• Nylon rope or paracord and duct tape

These tools are life-saving in emergency situations. A nylon rope can be very useful in emergency situations, for instance, to carry foodstuff, dry wood to the campsite for burning purpose and also for climbing purposes. Duct tape has a variety of purposes in emergency situations from binding broken emergency tools to seal small water leaking pipe.

• Some amount of money

Take some cash with yourself for buying some tools to face emergency situations.

How To Make Business Success.

Nowadays business becomes an easy way to earn money and to raise a standard of life but on the other hand side, it is becoming very difficult to make it a success due to the competition. So friends let us discuss some rules which help us to turn this dream into reality. Following some steps are very helpful so let discuss them.

• Developing Yourself

The first thing to do is to look at yourself as a potential entrepreneur. Do you really want to start a business? Do you have what it takes? What type of business will you set up? How will you get the resources to get doing? These are some really basic questions you need to address.

• Defining your business idea

As your business idea begins to take shape, there are more practical aspects that need to be addressed.

1. Is my idea a sound one?
2. What is my target market?
3. Will I make living out of it?
4. How do I sell it?

• Putting your business together

This is where your business really starts to take shape. It may even have a name, At this stage, you will begin to grapple with some really nutty issues involved in the business start-up.

1. What do I need to do to make sure my business is set up properly?
2. Where will the business be located and how will it work?
3. How do I handle the legal and tax issues involved in setting up?

• Getting the money

Now you are putting the business together in some detail, concentrating on securing the resources you need to make the business work, starting with raising the finance you need to support the launch and development of your business. This includes deciding.

1. How much cash do I need to run the business?
2. How much money do I need to get going?
3. How do I get the money I need to get going?
4. How much do I think I am going to sell?
5. How do I get it?

• Getting the resources

At this stage, as your business begins to take shape, you need to think about how to position your business in the marketplace. Your business image is important, in terms of making an impression. You will also start to recruit staff. You need to decide;

1. where do I locate my business?
2. How do I find a property?
3. How many people do I need to deliver the product and run the business?
4. How do I get them?

• Preparing for launch

At this stage you are thinking about how to get your new business off the ground to ensure your new business achieves the necessary prominence potential customers to meet your short-term sales targets, to iron out any initial teething problems that may emerge 

1. How do I test my business works?
2. How do I deal with the tax system?
3. What equipment should I buy?
4. How do I most effectively open for business, ensuring I meet my short term objectives?
5. How do I initiate my marketing and promotional plans?

• Opening up

 The only thing that can be predicted about running a business is that you will not be able to predict what happens. While a good plan helps, it is important that it is adaptive and can respond to circumstances. This is particularly true at that sensitive opening phase when the great unpredictable questions like will my product sell? Can I manage all this? Have I budgeted properly?- begin to get answered. The key issues you need to plan for;

1. How do I manage my time effectively during this crucial stage?
2. How do I maintain good relations with a key like my bank, my suppliers, my employees, and my customers?
3. How do I get the support I need to help me through this phase?

These are some key rules to taking over other stuff in the market.

How to impress girl friend.

Nowadays it becomes difficult to impress someone because of social media. Actually global becomes a village due to this social media which brings peoples of different countries and civilizations together and reduces diversity among them. This loss of diversity effects on original identities of people and it is become difficult to trust someone. There are some tips which help you to impress your girlfriend and anyone else.

• Make her laugh

If you really want to gain her attention, then always try to make her laugh. Yes, the old saying is true. Girls do adore men with a sense of humor.

• An interesting conversation

You must choose interesting ways to say Hi like-

''Hello gorgeous, Can I say something about you...''

''Can I disturb the busiest person in the world, just to say Hi’’?

• Keep Talking

Talk with her on a regular basis and always choose unique topics to chat like-

1.     Talk to her about her hobbies.

2.      About her likes and dislikes.

3.       Her favorite subject and field of study.

• Respect her parents

Parents matter in making a strong relation with your girlfriend. So always be respectful to her parents, because family is something close to our hearts. Even when you are quarreling, don't think about making rude and insulting comments about them.

In addition to these following are some of the effective ways to impress her and have a fulfilling relationship.

• Always look at her eyes and try to make her feel that you love her more than anyone else.
• Spend most of the time with her.
• Make her feel that she is comfortable and safe with you.
• Before taking any decision to consult her and give respect to her opinion.
• Compromise is the best thing to make a relationship strong therefore always compromise for her.
• Do not look at other girls in front of her, not just in front of her but always try to keep away from this.
• Give her surprise gifts.
• Do not let her alone in any problem always support and be with her.
• Bring changes in yourself for her and give her importance more than any other thing.

In my opinion, these are some productive tips to impress your girlfriend if you try to follow these rules than your girlfriend will be definitely impressed with you.